Saturday, August 31, 2019

Northern Perspectives

It is prudent at this juncture to define the northern territory as a way of introduction. The northern territory (NT) is much of a political territory, which shares geographical location with north Australia. This is the main distinctive feature. However there are several differences In terms of the social and cultural orientation within the geographical region of north Australia.The northern territory exists as a self-government territory. However the territory derives its right to govern from the federal parliament. This means that the supreme authority is still the federal parliament. If follows that the decision reached at the northern territory legislative assembly is subject to the approval of the federal parliament. This happens to be what separates the self-governing territory of the Northern Territory from the rest of Australia. The political structure in the larger Australia is such that the states are sovereign and only come together under the federal government.The northe rn territory self-government act of 1978 gave a new status to the northern territory. In this act the northern territory was granted authority that could help it become a self-autonomous entity, usurping a few roles from the commonwealth. A few of responsibilities and duties initially carried out by the common wealth were transferred to the northern territory. A superficial glance at the territory and comparison with the other states indicates almost a complete similarity. However, the territory suits a shoulder below the rest in terms of authority and the structure of the government. It leaves more towards being a self-autonomous territory as opposed to the usual states in the common wealth.Although all the states in the common wealth are independent and value sovereignty, the 1978 act to self-given presents the biggest difference between these and the northern territory. The government in northern territory can make and enforce its own laws, but should the federal government wish to overturn or override it, it can achieve this through the parliament. An example in point is the euthanasia legislation passed by northern treaty but overridden by the national parliament ().In the place of a governor, the northern territory has administrator who wields executives’ power. He leads with the help of an executive council. The territory too has its representative in the federal legislature comprising of two representatives and two people in the senate.The territory has a legislative assembly consisting of members that are elected to speaker and the member of the executive council or the ministers. The northern territory also has local governments and authorities with some full administrative powers in Darwin, the capital city as well as in other large towns, these administrative centers provide essential services to the people ranging from housing to health among others.  Northern territories have a fully-fledged legal system with the Supreme Court as the hig hest court in the land.There is a chief minister who leads the self-autonomous government while the premier leads the state government. These two are appointed by the administrator who in turn is appointed by the governor-general of Australia.  In the national scene, the parliament is made up of the senate and the house of representative it deals with matters affecting almost all the states like foreign affair or the issue of protecting the nation as is the case in the United States. The territory’s representation in these two organs is a bit lower to make up for special status that it enjoys with an autonomous government.Broad responsibilityThe northern territory government is charged with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the territory save for those that are national in nature like the world heritage areas and national parks located within the territory (Strelein L (2000). This is done to avoid conflicts between the two levels of government. Areas that fall w ithin the northern territory government share of responsibility include but not limited to; education, health, and issues, administrative matters, infrastructure and local government. In order to perform these duties the NT government receives funds from the federal government.Relationship with federal governmentIt is clear that the two levels of government are mutually dependent. The federal government looks up to the territorial government to facilitate the implementation of laws and policies. Additionally the federal government expects to receive money remitted by the territorial government in order to reach its own objectives. On the other hand, the territorial government receives funds from the federal government to meet its budgetary obligations. This has for long time been a subject of much debate and controversy not only in the northern territory but also elsewhere in Australia and also in the world.The federal government in Australia has to perform a balancing act in order to achieve some kind of equity. Equitable distribution of resources is a thorny issue here. This balance is important for stability of any nation. An example of inequality is between the State of California in the US and the Mississippi between which a huge economic disparity exists. There has existed a general discontent especially from richer states in the way the national government distributes money contributed by these states.One of the important areas of development that lie within the responsibility of the NT government is cultural development. Culture is a very important composite of any society. However, in the modern world, rarely would any society share in all aspects of a common culture. According to Martin C (1995), this is mainly because of the historical backgrounds that are as varied as the trends of the modern lifestyle. It is therefore important to understand the basics of cultural dynamics before any form of cultural development can be contemplated.Cultural develo pment can be defined as the process through which the full potential of cultural diversity can be achieved for the common good. Culture is a most valuable symbol of identity and should not be lost either through assimilation or neglect. Cultural diversity brings out the uniqueness of the northern territory community (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007). One of the unique characteristics of the responsibility that the territorial government has in conserving and developing cultural diversity springs from the history of the people of the Northern Territory.The earliest inhabitants of the northern territory were the indigenous people. These people had and still have a rich culture and customs by which they lived. However, when the European immigrants settled in Australia, they sought to undermine this culture terming it as backwards. They also sought to force their own ways, which they viewed as superior. For many years this opinion has dictated the natur e of interaction between the indigenous people and the settlers. It has also influenced public opinion as well as dominant ideologies (Eckerman T. et al 1992).Upon this background, the territorial government must work to alter this perception and opinion that is based against the culture and custom of the aboriginal people as well as the Torres-strait islander people. The long enduring opinion is narrow and ill informed. It is full assumptions and biases that view some cultures and practices as more superior than others. Cultural development begins with the understanding of the uniqueness of the self. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance interest and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nurture rather than to kill diversity. The goal should also be to create a strong sense of belonging through cult ure where the population is proud of being who they are.Killing cultural diversity is tantamount to killing own individual identity. The study of culture has somehow increased awareness among those who take time to give thought to the wisdom those studies. However the world is still at a point where the western definition of what is superior and what is mediocre is widely embraced. Against this background many cultures have lost invaluable parts that were part of the whole thus becoming diluted (Hunter, E. (1993). This presents the main challenge to the Northern Territory government in its management and development of culture.The Northern Territory government must work from a seemingly â€Å"point of weakness† because many of the cultural practice and customs have lost so much already which cannot be recovered. Elements of culture such as language have also changed greatly. The way people talked as well as the content of these talks has changed overtime. Among the indigenous people for instance, folk tales were used to impart knowledge as well as to pass traditions from one generation to next. However folk tales have today found replacement in technology and the consequences are a lost method of passing culture to generations (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007).These are among the challenges that the Northern Territory government faces. Capitalistic ideologies and economic power has placed some countries at a position where they can dictate the direction the rest of the world takes. This includes dominating cultures. The disadvantaged, minorities and marginalized population have little choice but to tow the line appropriately (Alder, C. 1999). Economic development in the Northern Territory, which ironically must be encouraged, can only serve to diminish any gains on the cultural diversity front. This is a challenge to the Northern Territory government cultural development plans. It is easy to see here that the sacrifices that must be made are economic prosperity or the conservation of culture. With the world being the way it is today the Northern Territory government is hard pressed to make a decision to promote economic prosperity at the expense of culture.The Northern Territory government can however produce a win-win situation, by embracing innovative thinking to ensure sustainable development both economically and culturally.It is unfortunate that despite the fact that an opportunity clearly exists in the northern territory to develop ways of achieving sustainable cultural development, not much good seems be coming out of the processes. This can be attributed to the fact that the focus of the main stakeholders is wrong. The Northern Territory government has loudly cited scarcity of funds as the main obstacle in achievement of sustainable cultural development.This has denied these stakeholders from seeing the other methods and avenues open to them to exploit the opportunity (Ames, R et al 1989). The Northern Territory government has tried to develop a framework upon which to build its plans. One has been the involvement of women and the aboriginal people in decision-making process. Their representation has however not always adequate which has worked against this plan.The NT government has also sought to promote culture by supporting cultural activities like road shows and festivals especially in Darwin. These attractions have served to showcase some of the diverse cultures that exist in Northern Territory. The events are increasingly becoming popular though at a very slow pace.  The budget for cultural development has also been increasing steadily over the past few years (Christie, M. 2000).While the efforts of the NT government to involve the local communities especially the aboriginal and Torres-strait islander people together with women and other minority groups are laudable. This paper suggests that more can be done in order to speed up the process and consolidate g ains achieved so far. Wide consultations have a way of fostering ownership. It is therefore important that the NT government seek to improve participation of the local communities in decision-making.Representation should be increased in the decision-making organ. Additionally, in order to increase coercion the NT government should develop a holistic approach that includes educating the people at all levels of the society to appreciate their cultures as well as other cultures within this society. This can be done formally in small community groups as well as through other contemporary media.Another laudable gesture that should be developed further is use of cultural events and festivals. Cultural events have succeeded elsewhere as tourist attraction and consequently served to preserve the practice. In Spain bullfighting is a cultural even that is unique to this part of the world. It has gained a cult like following and has also been used as a tourist attraction. In Brazil, street car nival where people showcase there cultural dances such as samba have also become an eye catching event that is widely accepted all over the world. Similarly events could be organized regularly to showcase the NT diverse cultures.The Northern Territory should also explore the use of cultural ambassadors in other parts of Australia and the world in order to advertise the culture and to promote cultural tourism.ConclusionWhile plans are underway to confer full powers of statehood in the Northern Territory, the territorial government must increase ensure sustainable development in all areas of development. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance interest and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nurture rather than to kill diversity. Cultural diversity must never be sacrificed in the altar of economic deve lopment.ReferencesAlder C (1999) The Aboriginal art market: challenges to authenticity, on-line at:http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/resources/articles6.php, (Accessed: 3/2/05)Ames, R. Don Axford, Peter J. Usher, Ed Weick, George Wenzel, and John Merritt. (1989)Keeping on the land: A study of the feasibility of a comprehensive wildlife harvestsupport programme in the Northwest Territories. Ottawa ON: Canadian Arctic ResourcesCommittee.Christie M 2000 ‘Greek Migration to Darwin, Australia, 1914-1921' Journal of NorthernTerritory History, 71, pp 1 -14.Eckerman T. Dowd, M. Martin, L, Nixon R. Gray E. Chong, Binan Goonj (1992). BudgingCultures In Aboriginal Health, . Armidale NSW: Printery, University Of England.. 23-58.Hunter, E. (1993). Aboriginal Health and History. Power and prejudice in remoteAustralia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne.38Strelein L (2000) Aboriginal land rights in Australia, Native Title Research Unit, AustralianInstitute of Aborigi nal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Paper Analysis Twenty Hubs and No Hq

This article tries to propose advantages of an alternative strategy of global business management for MNCs. According to the authors the previous strategies of management from the Head Quarters (centralized) or Head Quarters for most functions with regional offices and country managers (decentralized) are not as efficient as management without any Head Quarters and twenty strategically placed hubs. There are compelling reasons to follow this strategy. Firstly developing countries account for a much larger chunk of the net revenue. Secondly there are untapped markets in the form of economically weaker sections in these countries and the full potential of these can not be exploited with the prevalent management strategies. Thirdly there is a huge cost saving advantage with manufacturing in low cost countries and outsourcing is just one way to realize it. The basic concept of this strategy as given by the authors is to have 20 hubs in 20 different countries – 10 developing and 10 developed which account for 70% of the population of the two worlds in each case and on the whole and much of the economic activity. According to the authors having hubs in these 20 countries MNCs can serve all the markets in the whole world more efficiently than using any of the previous strategies. These hubs will serve as a gateway for these MNCs in these regions. As such all management and manufacturing functions required by the region can be shifted to these gateway countries. This will allow the MNCs to serve customers on every level of the income pyramid. Also it will reduce the sourcing cost by 20% and corporate overhead cost by 2/3rd. The gateway hub structure can be flexible with new countries becoming hubs as and when they reach the requisite level of development and each hub sourcing goods manufactured in other hubs. According to the authors in the gateway hub model risk can be spread over 10 or more locations with manufacturing and R&D in multiple locations. This article augments the learning by teaching to challenge any concept even the concept that look as basic as the centralized management and Head Quarters. INNOVATIVE INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES The article tries to find the most relevant dimensions to use to cluster innovative international strategies to arrive at typologies that can be interpreted and used further. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE PAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦YEARS INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE NEXT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. YEARS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE COMPETITOR IN THE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF YOUR FIRM In this study they find out the most relevant dimensions and cluster cases according to these dimensions and identify some empirical types. The authors found the four main dimensions as Process of internationalization Segment scope Level of coordination across borders Fragments of narratives where an Innovative International Strategy WAS DESCRIBED by respondents were collected Content of fragments in the transcripts related to a firm was analysed to find the concepts used to characterize its strategy Cases that were similar to each other were clustered and formed an empirical type of IIs Major influences Footwear Competitive action :-relocation and innovative international strategy Cables and wires Struct forces:-technological intensity; new high growth markets; government intervention;comparative advantages(in cases) Paint Structural forces:- technological and marketing intensity Chocolate sugar and confectionary Structural Forces :- Marketing intensity and diff in consumption pattern across industries Competitive action:- MAA; Innovative International Strategy The authors arrived at six innovative international strategy typologies across these four industries. The main value addition from this article is how a study can be carried out to scientifically figure out the main innovative strategies and to gauge the scope of innovation and strategic management in the industry. It also helps find out the relation between strategy and the constraints under which it is developed.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Bilingualism as a Contributor to Cognitive Reserve - Factors That May Article

Bilingualism as a Contributor to Cognitive Reserve - Factors That May Lead to Delay in Diagnosis of Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease Bilingualism as a contributor to Cognitive Reserve Critique Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve Critique The article focuses on factors that may lead to delay in diagnosis of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Schweizer et al, 2012). One of the factors identified is bilingualism. Other factors reported causing delay ions years of education, education, and stimulating leisure activities (Schweizer et al, 2012). Therefore, a sophisticated amount of diagnosis is required to identify the symptoms. The argument in the article is that bilingualism is an environmental factor that acts to produce cognitive reserve (CR) (Schweizer et al, 2012). Moreover, the article argues that acquisition of a second language in an individual makes individual have an elevated mental function. The weakness of the article starts from introduction. First, the authors affirm that there exist imbalance between brain atrophy and level of cognitive functioning. However, the authors describe that the relationship between the two is poorly understood. Second, the authors refute the credibility of use of cognitive reserve. The authors raise doubts on the correlation nature. However, even after raising doubts they go on to use it in the study. On the other hand, the authors agreed to have used computed tomography (CT) scan of participants with probable AD while the article talks of research done on individuals with AD (Schweizer et al, 2012). As a result, doubt is raised on credibility of participants used in the research. Moreover, there is a high chance the result would fail to support the hypothesis based on the number of participants in the study. For example, 40 patients were relied upon to carry out the study. In contrast, none of the research relied upon in the introduction involved such few number of participants. The research relied in hundred of participants due to the seriousness required for such analysis. In addition, the article develops a high sense of credibility. First, the article introduction has relied on several other researchers carried before on the topic. As a result, any claim made by authors in the introduction is supported by scientific research done before. Moreover, the article clarity is achieved by relying on a method that had been tried before in testing the hypothesis. As a result, the article does not raise any doubt on the procedure of estimating whether the hypothesis is true or false. The method is relied on to test the CR hypothesis. Moreover, the article has demonstrated a high standard of ethics. For example, the study first sought approval from the Hospital Ethics Board (Schweizer et al, 2012). However, the article might have faced some limitation. One of such limitations may have been getting clear response from participants as they are physiologically challenged. Moreover, the other limitation may have been in getting adequate number of participants. There are several things to learn from the article. First, I have identified that improved mental function may pose a challenge in the future. However, the article was not appealing due to use of jargon only understood by people specializing in the field of study. A repeat of experiment could enhance the study in various ways. The number of participants could be increased. Moreover, I would like to know what changes takes place in the brain due to high mental function that increases potentiality to AD. Reference Schweizer, T., Ware, J., Fischer, C., Craik, F & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: Evidence from Brain Atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease. Cortex, 48, 991-996.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Strategic Management Issues at British American Tabaco Essay

Strategic Management Issues at British American Tabaco - Essay Example The strategies chosen by the managers should be able to make the company achieve better performances. The process of strategic management is continuous. The process of strategic management is aimed at appraising industries and business that an organization is involved in. Strategic management appraises the environment that an organization is based in. The process of strategic management analyses the competitors by setting goals and objectives that will enable an organization to gain and maintain competitive advantage over its current and future competition. The strategic management process is concerned with environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. Environmental scanning is the process of availing information for strategic decision making purposes (Hit, et al 306). Information about the external and internal environment is collected, scrutinized and presented to the managers for strategic decision making. After the environment has been scanned the managers use the information presented to formulate the strategies. The formulation of a particular strategy is realized after reaching a consensus between managers on the best strategy to implement. The course of action chosen should best exploit the organization’s ability to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. ... The most famous brands of cigarettes that the company produces include lucky Strike, State Express 555, Kool, John Player Field, Rothmans, Dunhill, Viceroy, Benson & Hedges, Winfield, and Peter Stuyvesant. The major brands for the British American Tobacco that are produced in local markets include Embassy (Kenya),Jockey Club(Argentina),Wills(India), Xon(Uzbekistan), GPC(US), Ardath(Indonesia), North State(Finland), du Maurier (Canada), Stradbroke (Australia) among other brands. The company also produces other types of products such as cigars, cut tobacco and pipe tobacco. The company’s products are sold in major supermarkets, hotels, restaurants, bars, hotels, and duty free shops such as army barracks, convenience stores, tobacconists, and cafes. The British American Tobacco company has a strong presence in the world and hence holds a strong market share in the tobacco industry. The company has a robust position in the market as the demand for the tobacco products is high and continuous. BAT is thus assured of high sales volume and profits every year. The company has continued with its strategy to diversify its products market. Recently, the company is eying investing in China. The company has made sure that it is well rooted in major countries in the world. For instance, the company has strong roots in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and North America. To maintain its position in the market, BAT management has ensured that it remains the best buyer of tobacco leafs from the farmers. The main advantage of buying farmers produce at a reasonable price has ensured that the company is ahead in most countries over its competitors. BAT has offered many farmers an

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Analysis - Essay Example In other words, the author wants to appeal to the reader’s sense of humour such that he or she can imagine how beautiful the flower being described is. It can also be seen that the flower has been used as a symbol of beauty. The flower is powerfully described as outstanding in terms of its appearance and we can only imagine how good it looks like. In the third story entitled â€Å"Just looking,† it can be noted that it is comprised of imagery. Nicole thinks that Nike shoes that are worn by her peers symbolise real life. Unfortunately her mother does not buy her the same shoes so she imagines that her friends are always looking down upon her for lack of these shoes. She also thinks that bright blue or red clothes can symbolise something beautiful. She wears these colours to disguise her friends since she does not have new clothes like her friends. The lab is also portrayed as a symbol of life and death. She imagines that even if a person dies wearing Nike shoes, she or he is just as good as

Monday, August 26, 2019

The Neighbourhood 2002 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Neighbourhood 2002 - Essay Example In selecting suitable areas, their research work included personal knowledge, maps, census, and data that indicated depravity in different areas. In order to understand the potential boundaries of different areas they went on a tour and studied the neighborhood for their public space, shopping facilities and so on, in order to understand the nature of the areas that facilitated interaction between people as well as the areas of disorder. They chose two affluent neighborhoods on the fringe of the city- the boundaries of the Edinburgh neighborhood had low- rise housing flats and semi- detached private dwellings. In the case of Glasgow, playing fields acted as a sort of â€Å"buffer zone that separated the neighborhoods. Five key sections took part in the interviews – secondary school teachers, community police, councilors, youth group representatives and community councilors. These interviews were designed in such a way in order to study the social connections between the different neighborhoods. Baumgartner used the term â€Å"champions† to describe the outside agencies that took part in the interview and wondered if they would be of any use.In the affluent areas, crime and disorder such as property crime, environmental degradation and disturbances involving young people seemed to be the main concerns. On the other hand, serious crime and disorder in the deprived areas seemed to run rampant. Community spirit was perceived to be greater in the affluent neighborhoods than the deprived areas where there was less trust in their neighbors.The neighborly interaction was limited as residents would help in an emergency, but would prefer to keep to themselves otherwise.Findings revealed the va rying perceptions of the neighborhood by its residents. Whilst there are pockets of disturbances our findings reflect that perception of crime partially involves people reacting differently to similar phenomena (Hope, 1998). The people of the deprived areas feel that they are more exposed to serious crime and this, in turn, reflects the nature of community relationship enjoyed by their respective residents.

Sustainable Management Future Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable Management Future - Dissertation Example In addition, according to teleological theory, an action is good if the outcome is desirable. For example, by companies building more schools for children in such developing countries, they will help the children to improve their later lives and be more resourceful people to the companies and the society in future, which is a desirable outcome. Consequently, some companies with FDIs in developing countries have undertaken to support local education by building local schools for their workers’ children (Dagdemir and Acaroglu, 2010) Scenario 3 Integrity may be defined as the fit between course and calling. It is as a result of consistent and continuous relationship between the mission, vision, and values of an organisation and the values of an individual. Integrity is defined by individuals themselves. Integrity goes beyond ethics in that it is the characteristics that define an individual that are considerate, transparent, honest, ethical, and compassionate. Trust is critical i n defining integrity; a person who does not attract trust and confidence is not regarded as trustworthy, implying their value is destroyed (Quigley, 2007). On the other hand, loyalty results from mutual relationship based on trust, fairness, and integrity, all values that define the success of a company. Loyalty refers to doing the job that one is obligated to do, and doing it to the best of one’s ability, with both elements of integrity and honesty. Therefore, Integrity complements loyalty, without which the value of loyalty loses its meaning. Sometimes, it is good to lie in business, though such lies must be ethical. Boylon (2000) explains utilitarianism theory by stating that an action can only be considered morally right when the act results in more good for... In postmodern view of values, a dilemma or fragmentation is accepted as part of human condition. However, in this case, there are no established truths or values (Holtzhausen & Voto, 2002). What is thought to be true is as a product of discourse emerging from both power and knowledge. The manager has to portray organizational activism in their decision making process, portraying a need to change from traditions. For example, a manager in an ethical problem will try to change from acting normally by upholding the dignity of the people involved as employees and championing for the rights of such employees. The manager will thus look beyond profits for the organization to consider the concern of all those involved, and try to resist the dominant power that may work against such involved parties. For example, if a company is making a loss, the manager will not hasten to cut wages or sack employees, but will fight to resist this by trying different methods that will ensure all parties eme rge from the crisis more empowered. In pragmatic consideration of values, the inability to ground any values in overarching theories such as Marxism, Christianity, Islam, or capitalism does not prevent people from making sensible decisions for ensuring a civil and well-mannered life .

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Total Quality Management Question#1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Total Quality Management Question#1 - Essay Example (Course book 1.3) There are several dimensions to identify what customers want for the products and services. David A Garvin (1984) suggests that there are 7 dimensions of quality which are performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability and aesthetics (Garvin, 1984). Performance means a product's primary operating characteristics, for example, the characteristics of an automobile would be acceleration, braking distance, steering and handling. Features is the "bells and whistles" of a product, for example, a car may have power options, a tape or CD deck, antilock brakes, and power seats. Reliability means the probability of a product's surviving over a specified period of time under stated conditions of use, for example, a car's ability to start on a cold winter morning and frequency of failures are reliability factors. Conformance means the degree to which physical and performance characteristics of a product match with the pre-established standards, for example, a car's fit, finishing and freedom from noises and squeaks can reflect this dimension. Durability means the amount of use one gets from a product before it physically deteriorates or until replacement is preferable, for example, a car with corrosion resistance and the long wear of upholstery fabric. Serviceability means the speed, courtesy, and competence of repair work, for example, the concerns on access to spare parts, the number of miles between major maintenance services, and the expense of service for an automobile owner. Aesthetics means how a product looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells, for example, a car's color, instrument panel design, control placement, and "feel of the road" may make it aesthetically pleasing (Evans & Lindsay 2005, p163) For Billing department of a major copiers company, Company A (Co A), in Hong Kong, its primary responsibility is to provide fast, accurate and easy to understand invoices to external customers who in turn use them to process their payment. The meaning of "Fast" for Co. A means invoices must be sent out after one week of the report meter reading cutoff date, under our normal process. "Accurate" means the amount of invoices billed to customers must be correctly calculated using the meter reading reported from customers under service agreement. Not only the amount of invoices must be correct, but also the customers' information such as customers' name, billing addresses, installation addresses, serial numbers and models of equipments, billing period and invoice due date etc., must be correctly stated on the invoices for customers to review. However, only accuracy in calculation is not a good quality service from a customer's perspective. The ease of understanding of invoices is also def ined as quality for Co. A. If the invoices are not easy to understand or read, customers may confuse or take lots of time to read them which causes inconvenience or dissatisfaction to customers. "Understandable" means the invoice must be accurately reflecting the actual amount charges, and different types of charges shown must be distinguishable and the layout is in a readable format for customers with sufficient information that customers required. The information like last meter readings, the current meter readings , current month's meter usage, the unit

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case studies - Essay Example (Education, 2009) In Truth v. Kent School District, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Washington's Kentridge High School did not violate the First Amendment rights of Truth, a Christian student group, by repeatedly denying the group's applications for official recognition. The school denied Truth's application because the group asked all voting members and officers to sign a "statement of faith" that the school contends violates nondiscrimination policies. By finding that the school had not violated Truth's First Amendment right to freedom of association, the Ninth Circuit directly contradicted Supreme Court precedent granting groups the right to choose their membership based on shared beliefs. The Ninth Circuit's holding in Truth directly conflicts with Legal Society v. Walker, in which the Seventh Circuit found that a public law school's refusal to recognize a Christian student group because of the group's membership requirements violated the group's First Amendment right to freedom of e xpressive association. FIRE's brief asks the Supreme Court to reconcile this split between the circuits. Boy Scouts held that the Scouts could exclude scoutmasters who were openly engaged in homosexual behavior and Rosenberger held that religious student organizations were entitled to viewpoint-neutral access to student-fee funds. Seemingly however, they rest on a backdrop of other cases, most importantly Healy v. James which reversed a university's decision to deny recognition to Students for a Democratic Society) and Widmar v. Vincent which held that universities had to provide religious student organizations with equal access to university benefits. The Healy court held that there was a free-association interest in student-organization recognition: "There can be no doubt that denial of official recognition, without justification, to college organizations burdens or abridges that associational right." On a university campus, recognition goes hand in hand with existence. If you are not recognized by the university, you have guaranteed marginalization. There is a tremendous qualifier w ith respect to on campus and off campus activities. The Supreme Court has clearly established the following: "Student organizations have a free-association right in recognition; religious student organizations have a right to access university facilities; and religious student organizations have a right to access student-activity-fee funds." (French, 2009) The problem exists, with respect to the qualifier and the question remains as to whether the qualifier comes first or whether the constitutional right takes precedence. B. Problem 16* Midstate University is a large state university. In the last few years, several student organizations have been established at the university that focus, in whole or in part, on religious values, religious worship, and religious evangelism. The New Light Fellowship, a student group affiliated with an outside religious organization, has been active on campus for two years. It is recognized by the Student Government Association, and thus receives funding from mandatory student fees and is allowed to hold

Friday, August 23, 2019

Social and Environmental Accounting Research Paper

Social and Environmental Accounting - Research Paper Example This report states, Western Australia has implemented a water minimization program in 1997 and its implementation led to the reduction of usage of water, saved the company thousands of dollars and reduced their level of reliance on the water that is supplied by the municipal council. The objective of implementing this program was to optimize the water supply and also reduce the rate of consumption of poor quality drinking water that could be a health hazard to the residents of the area and minimize the flow of untreated waste water that was being discharged to the environment (BP, 2006). BP refinery processes over 138 barrels of oil per day .The refinery equipments and machinery ensures that the raw materials are processed into complete finished products. The management of the company found it worthwhile to be conservative after becoming more water conscious and water efficient. BP implemented various strategies that were aimed at improving the rate of performance within the organization. The strategy includes; delivery of water that is of high quality for consumption, minimizing on the cost of running the operations of the organization and maximizes the profits of the organization. It also minimizes the potential environmental risks from water that is being dis charged from the environment (Bp, 2006). The managemenThe management of the BP Company published the sustainable report 2007, addressed issues that are related to the observance and recognisition of the audience as important persons within the community. It also states that the major stakeholders' role within the community involves meeting the needs and wants of the customers within the stipulated period of time. The major stakeholders include academicians, investors and other non-governmental organizations (Appendix 1, Bp, 2007, cover page). BP sustainability refers to the capacity to endure and meet the needs of the people through renewing their assets, creating and delivering different kinds of products and services that can meet the needs of the people within a given period of time. It also refers to the process of ensuring that the rights of people are respected and observed in order to enable them carry out the tasks that have been assigned to them and also ensure that the operations and activities carried are undertaken in the appropriate manner. Moreover, Bp also ensures that the mutual trust and support that is bestowed on the customers, shareholders and the communities is maintained so that the activities of the company can continue into the foreseeable future (Burke, 1999). In similarity to BP water minimization program, Thames report was prepared and aimed at identifying the cause and solutions of flooding observed in Bowmonts Road. This report states the impact of the proposed development in River Tadley that would have been undertaken on the network. Besides that, is also intended to identify the options that can alleviate foul flooding in the region and also to provide the cost estimates for options

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Swot Analysis Company Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis Company Essay 4. SWOT Analysis The overall evaluation of a company’s Strengths(S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) is called SWOT Analysis. It is a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. 4.1. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses This analyses the internal environment of a company. According to our comprehensive observation and analysis, the following Strengths and Weaknesses of Mini Co-op city are identified. 4.1.1. Strengths †¢ As the cost of living is relatively high, this cater to low income earners by providing commodities at controlled prices, which results in lesser price fluctuations. †¢ Samurdhi beneficiaries receive stamps of Rs.240, Rs.340, Rs.540 per month to purchase commodities. 4.1.2. Weaknesses †¢ Lack of parking facilities. †¢ The name board is not attractive and eye catching. †¢ Arrangement of goods and layout is ineffective. †¢ Display has not been utilized in correct manner and the eye level shelves are empty. †¢ They are practicing the sales oriented concept, not the marketing oriented concept. †¢ No marketing and promotional effort. †¢ Lack of staff and currant members are not enthusiastic. †¢ The place in which outlets are located is not convenient. 4.2. Analysis of Opportunities and Threats This analyses the external environment of a company. According to our observations, we identified following Opportunities and Threats of Mini co-op city. 4.2.1. Opportunities †¢ Existence of a network of branches and opportunity to further expand it through government fund allocation. †¢ With terrorism coming to an end and achievement of peace, ability to capture new North and Eastern market which attracts relatively low competition. 4.2.2. Threats †¢ Limited availability of funds. †¢ High political influence and change of political parties will affect entire policies and practices. †¢ Higher competition faced retail sellers and well organized chain of supermarket

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Pros and Cons Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons Capital Punishment Essay Capital punishment (death penalty) is the severest form of legal punishment today. There are vast differences in the way people view the death penalty. Some oppose it and some agree with it. There have been many studies trying to prove or disprove a point regarding the death penalty. Some have regarded the death penalty as a deterrent, and some have regarded it as state sanctioned murder and not civilized. The death penalty has been attributed to societies for hundreds of years. More recently, as we become more civilized, the death penalty has been questioned to be the right step towards justice. During the course of this paper I will review the pros and cons of the use of the death penalty as we, Americans, know it. The death penalty is a highly controversial subject. No one knows who’s right or whose wrong-it’s fifty percent speculation and fifty percent research. It’s just a lot of thoughts and beliefs from people who have contributed to the death penalty hype. Who’s right and who’s wrong? That is the question. Problem Statements In order to list the pros and cons of the death penalty I will discuss a bit about what exactly is capital punishment. This will help better understand why people feel the way they do about capital punishment. Like mentioned earlier, capital punishment or also known as the death penalty is the most extreme of all sentencing options (Schmalleger, 2012). Almost all nations in the world have had the death sentence and had enforced it in many ways. It has been used in most cases to punish those who broke the laws or standards that were expected of them. There are a lot of methods of execution however not all are legal in the United States. Procedures authorized in the United States now are electrocution, the gas chamber, and the lethal injection. The most common form of capital punishment is lethal injection, with electrocution to be the second most common form (Schmalleger, 2012). When it comes down to sentencing a criminal to the death penalty, many say that it has never been a fair sentencing. Those against capital punishment claim that it has been inflicted on innocent people or that it is costly to execute someone (Schmalleger, 2012). Those for the death penalty claim that the criminals who committed horrifying crimes deserve to die for their actions (Schmalleger, 2012). For the reason being, that anything else other than death does not fulfill as a sanction for the crime (Schmalleger, 2012). Literature review The people who oppose the death penalty have very different reasons than people who agree with it. Those who oppose it feel that no matter how bad of an offense that the criminal has committed, they should not be executed. Arguing against capital punishment, Amnesty International believes that The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state in the name of justice. It violates the right to lifeIt is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. There can never be any justification for torture or for cruel treatment. It has been said that innocent people have been placed on death row for crimes they never committed and then executed. In my opinion, I find that very true and support this very strongly. From 1973 up to late 2009, over 138 people in 25 different states where freed from death row after being determined that they were innocent for the capital crime they had been convicted of (Dieter). One example of this claim is of James Bain, a Florida man, released from jail after being incarcerated for 35 years. He was formerly convicted back in 1974 for supposedly kidnapping and a 9 year-old boy and raping him in a nearby field (Schmalleger, 2012). What helped him gain his freedom in December of 2009 was the modern technology not available back then. Bain requested multiple DNA test, once approved the results came back negative for him meaning he was not the man who committed the crime. DNA test are now huge towards those placed in death row, it has helped freed many innocent citizens. When it comes down to the death penalty cases, there are many appeals that are made in court. The cost for a state for these appeals can run into millions of dollars for each individual case (Schmalleger, 2012). The death penalty is much more expensive than life without parole that is a fact. It is more expensive because it requires a long and complex judicial process for capital cases (Woodford). This is needed to ensure that innocent men and women are not executed for crimes they did not commit (Woodford). Sometime with this careful long process the risk of executing an innocent person cannot be completely eliminated (Woodford). Those for capital punishment may state that although the official cost dealing with capital punishment is high, no cost is too high to bring justice to the world (Schmalleger, 2012). Some say that capital punishment deters crime from occurring. However, there is no credible evidence that the death penalty deters crime more effectively than long terms of imprisonment. States that have death penalty laws do not have lower crime rates or murder rates than states without such laws. States that have abolished capital punishment show no significant changes in either crime or murder rates. In my opinion and from what I have read it seems to be that the death penalty has no deterrent effect. I say this because people commit murders in the heat of passion, under the influence or because they are mentally ill, giving little or no thought to the consequences of their actions. Death penalty laws falsely convince the public that government has taken effective measures to combat crime and homicide. In reality, such laws do nothing to protect us or our communities from the acts of dangerous criminals Arguing for capital punishment, the Clark County, Indiana Prosecuting Attorney writes that There are some defendants who have earned the ultimate punishment our society has to offer by committing murder with aggravating circumstances present. I believe life is sacred. It cheapens the life of an innocent murder victim to say that society has no right to keep the murderer from ever killing again. In my view, society has not only the right, but the duty to act in self-defense to protect the innocent. There are still some who states that the death penalty is favorable in the United States. The proponents state that executing criminals will directly help stop the criminal rate in America; also, they declare that when the criminals that are sentenced are killed, the world is one less a murderer than before. Adding on, the argument that the wrong person would be killed is very slim; as a matter of fact, with the development of technology constantly evolving, the chances of the wrong citizen being executed are also constantly decreasing. Although many opponents state that the capital punishment is racist, there are statistics that more African-Americans do crimes than Caucasians. Research Methods After analyzing all the information towards capital punishment I became interested in doing some research about capital punishment statistics about the process of decision making when sentencing a criminal. If I were to conduct a case study about discrimination in death penalty sentencing, I would create surveys and interviews with inmates on death row and certain cases that appeared to been sentenced by discrimination. This type of study is hard to investigate for the reason that if the judge or jury based their answer off of the gender or race of the person it would be less likely that they would reveal the truth. My research study would be quantitative because I will be recording data about the rates on death penalty discrimination. It will also be a qualitative study because, a part from the data I will be recording I would conduct interviews with former judges and attorneys that have dealt with death penalty cases and what was the process of deciding the sentence like. Conclusion In today’s generation people have very different views on the death penalty. There are many who completely agree with it, and the concept behind it, and there are some who feel it is nothing but a cruel punishment. All in all, the capital punishment is a charge that will always be debated in America. However, the execution is a faster death for the criminal a much easier statement someone can receive. Half of the American population is against capital punishment for the execution of innocent people, discrimination, deterrence of crime and high cost leading to debt for the society. Those for capital punishment agree that this kind of action is what is needed to put a stop to brutal crimes. The criminal deserves to die for their actions and it is the only option to bring justice. The death penalty is and always will be a problem that is arguable from both sides, but, if someone tries to ultimately stop it, it is and always will be impossible. Reference ACLU. (2007, April 09). The death penalty: Questions and answers. Retrieved from http://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment/death-penalty-questions-and-answers Baik, E. (2012). Gender, Religion and National Origin: Latinos Attitude toward Capital Punishment. Journal of Social Sciences (15493652), 8(1), 79-84. Hashemi, S. (n.d.). Abolish the death penalty. Retrieved from http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/campaigns/abolish-the-death-penalty?id=1011005 Methods of execution. (2010, April). Retrieved from http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/methods.htm Dieter, R. (n.d.). Death penalty information. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/home Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal justice: A brief introduction. (9 ed., pp. 272-286). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Woodford, J. (n.d.). The high cost of the death penalty. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=42

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Housebreaking Crimes And Offences Of Burglary Criminology Essay

Housebreaking Crimes And Offences Of Burglary Criminology Essay Burglary known also as housebreaking is a crime, the quintessence of which is an entry into premises for the intentions of committing an offence. Typically, that offence will be a form of theft, but many jurisdictions stipulate others, which fall same case within the realm of burglary. Burglary can be explained using two theories including Social ecology: Crime and place theory and Strain and sub cultural theories. The two theories are significant in explaining Burglary as a crime but espouse the ideas differently. This paper critically compares and contrasts the two theories as well as how differently they explain Burglary. It details many concepts surrounding the explanations of burglary with differentiation of particulars of each theory. This leads us to the next part on literature review of some of the works written on this topic. Crime and place theory explains Burglary in the context of the location of the crime itself. Theories of crime can be sub divided into the theories seeking to explain the criminal offenders development, and the theories seeking to explain the criminal events development (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). Theories on Burglary have been overriding in criminology development. Most research on crime as well as crime prevention focus mainly on why certain types of persons commit crime and exactly what can be, done about it. It is only in recent times that serious attention has been paid to explain crimes such as Burglary rather than the peoples criminality (Anderson, 1998). Concern with the place is much central to this effective approach (Capone Nichols 1996). While theories of criminality and crime such as Burglary are often seen to compete in explaining the Burglary problem, it practical to begin with the concept that offender as well as event explanations complements each other consid erably than competitors (Carter Hill, 1996). Many other works explain the main reason why there is need to use theories in crime is to understand the reason why the perpetrators of crime do it and where and how they are likely to do it. Offenders may be motivated highly, but unless they facilitate the creation of a crime event, there is surely nothing to explain (Cromwell Olson, 1991). In the same way, given a criminal act such as Burglary, the etiology of the event should in some manner, have an explanation of the respective offender (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). Theories of Offender should tell us eventually how people develop to be criminal offenders, and the situation where the same criminals desist from offending. Theories such as these may insinuate crime prevention strategies focused on the individuals likely to become solemn violent criminals, or high-rate criminals committing less grave crimes (Roncek, 1991). However, to date many theories about criminality development do not provide a strong basis for making pred ictions such as these, and there is miniature consensus as to what a theory in the future would be like in explaining criminal acts (Capone Nichols 1996). Other literature makes it possible to link crime such as burglary with place and situations. A place is a small area, typically a street corner, building, address, or street segment. A focus on places contrasts with a concentrating on neighborhoods. Neighborhood theories regularly highlight the offenders development, while place level explanations give emphasis to crime events. Three perspectives imply the relevance of places for understanding criminal acts including routine activity theory, rational choice and crime pattern theory (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). However, these perspectives are equally supportive; crime pattern theory and routine activity theory provide varying explanations for crime happening at different places. Five research areas help us understand the relevance of places in explaining crime (Capone Nichols 1996). Crime intensity about scrupulous facilities, for example, bars, the high crime concentration at some addresses and crime absence at others; the prec autionary effects of a variety of place features; the offenders mobility; and studies of the way offenders select their targets. The following examples provide just a glimpse of the mounting recognition of the place role in crime as well as crime control. Lawsuits hinging on the claimants ability to show that parking lots and buildings are gratuitously dangerous abound in the civil courts (White, 1990). Local newspapers contain community protests in opposition to drinking establishments, 24-hour stores or sex shops, seen as magnets for criminals. Community advocates propose taking legal action against place owners that disrupt neighborhoods (Anderson, 1998). To add more on places and situations, more literature prevails in this context. Police programs focusing on where burglary happens rather than the people committing them are developing in  towns; at the same time that a number of academic studies reveal that is concentrated at particular places even in neighborhoods that have high burglary rates (Capone Nichols 1996). Concern with the affiliation between burglary and the place is not new. As early as the nineteenth century, scholars analyzed the distribution burglary across regions with differing social characteristics and ecological (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). In the U.S., pioneering advocates of sociology examined carefully the burglary location in the city of Chicago (White, 1990). They argued that distinctiveness of the urban environment is relevant to explain the emergence of burglary in specific communities (White, 1990). On the other hand, these early attempts of understanding the correlation between burglary and plac e took a macro approach considering aggregates of places such as states, cities, regions, communities and neighborhoods instead of a micro approach examining the places themselves. There have been new developments in the crime and place theory explaining further on the same topic. Recent interest crime and place focus on micro-level relationships. The studies begin with distinctive efforts of identifying the correlation between Places of Crime in Crime Theory particular aspects of urban design (Barr Pease, 1990) or the architecture; and burglary as a crime, but broadened to account for a much larger set of physical space characteristics and criminal opportunity. These studies drew variations between the site in question and the geographical area (for example community, neighborhood, city or police beat), which surrounds it. Places in this micro perspective are particular locations within the broad social environment. They can be small as the area next to a teller machine or large as a strip shopping center, or a building. Often places thought as having particular types of businesses (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). Conversely, Sherman et al. (1989) proposes that this new focus on discrete areas is fundamental enough to be appropriately, seen as a separate new area of study in the area of burglary as a crime. He conducts a survey of some crime practices among the juveniles who ever participated in crime. Recent trends in the understanding of the relevance of opportunity in crime prevention (White, 1990) and the influence of crime displacement (Anderson, 1998) suggest additionally that place should be an essential component in crime prevention and crime theory. Additionally, three recent perspectives including routine activity theory, rational choice, and crime pattern theory have influenced the understanding of the relevance of place in preventing burglary as a crime (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). A rational choice perspective explains the basic rationale for define place as necessary, since it espouses that offenders should select targets as well as define means of achieving their goals in a way that can be explained (Anderson, 1998). Some scholars claim that this perspective in theory is to some degree not testable, as it is virtually always possible to interpret individual behavior as rational from the burglars perspective (Anderson, 1998). Others have shown that it is possible to test several forms of rational choice (Anderson, 1998). Nonetheless, a rational choice perspective can be of use in developing testable propositions, which describe burglary crime events and burglars behavior. This is particularly true if a rational choice perspect ive is of use in combinations with routine activity theory (Barr Pease, 1990). Routine activity theory explains the occurrence of burglary crime events as the confluence of numerous circumstances (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). First, there should be a motivated offender. On the other hand, the development of motivated burglars is the goal of the theories. Second, there should be an enviable target. Third, the specific objective and the burglar must be in the same place and time (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). Finally, three types of controllers including guardians, intimate handlers, and place managers should be ineffective or absent. Intimate handlers are specifically people who hold a direct, personal influence relatively over a burglar (for example parents, coaches, friends, teachers, or employers). In the presence of these people, potential burglars do not commit burglary crimes. Many adults are away from such intimate handlers for the largest part of the day and many burglars, both adult and juvenile, have few or relatively no intimate handlers (Anderson, 1998). To understand these concepts, it is good to dig deeper into the theories explanations. People taking care of the places are, named place managers. Place managers, (for instance apartment managers, janitors, and others) regulate individual behavior at the locations they have control over. For a burglary crime to occur, these people must be ineffective, absent or negligent (Anderson, 1998). Crime and place pattern theory is noteworthy particularly in developing, an understanding of burglary as a crime and place because it combines routine activity theory and rational choice to help explain the burglary distribution across places (White, 1990). The distribution of burglars, handlers, guardians, targets, and managers over the place and time describe burglary crime patterns (Brantingham Brantingham, 1995). Changes in society are the main reason for the increased the number of targets while separating them relatively from the people who could make an effort of protecting them (guardians, handlers and managers). Reasonably rational burglars, while they engage in their routine activities, will eventually note places without managers and guardians as well as where their handlers have a less likelihood of being there (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). Crime and place theory looks into the interactions of burglars with their social and physical environments influencing burglars choices of targets. Conversely, according to crime and place theory, how respective targets come to know of burglars influences the distribution of burglary crime events over time and space. This occurs because burglars engage in custom activities. Just like other non-burglars, burglars move among the spheres of work, shopping, school and recreation. As they engage in their normal and routine activities, they also become aware of crime opportunities (Anderson, 1998). Therefore, burglary criminal opportunities not near the areas burglars routinely move through have a less likelihood to come to their attention (Capone Nichols 1996). A given burglar will be aware of only possible targets available. Criminal opportunities present at places coming to the attention of burglars have an increased risk of literally becoming targets (Barr Pease, 1990). While a few burglars may aggressively look for uncharted areas, most conduct their searches precisely within the areas they are familiar in the event of their no n-criminal activities. In learning more on this, it is good to note that, the concept of place is essential to burglary theories. Not only are places rationally required (a burglar should be in a place when a burglary crime is committed), their individual characteristics influence the possibility of a burglary crime. Place characteristics discussed in the crime and place theory include the effectiveness and presence of managers and the being there of capable guardians. Crime and place theory links places with enviable targets and the context found by focusing on the way places come to the attention of burglars. Conversely, sub cultural theory explains burglary crime differently, arguing that certain subcultures or groups in the society have attitudes and values that are conducive to burglary crime, as well as violence (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). The primary focus of this theory is, however, on juvenile delinquency because the supporting theorists believe that if this offending pattern can be, controlled and understood it will stop or minimize the possibilities of the transition from teenage offender to actually, experienced habitual criminal (Barr Pease, 1990). This applies most in the context of burglary where it starts mostly at the teenage age and develops into an experienced burglar and a thief. Some theories are functionalist and assume that criminal activity such as burglary generates motivation from economic needs, while for other theorists; they posit a social class deviance rationale. On the other hand, culture represents the customs values and norms, which guide behavior and act as a general framework of judging behavior by the majority. It transmits to individuals socially than biologically. The burglary crime in this case focuses on misplaced norms and values of particular individuals where they engage in the act through social influence. Unlike the crime and place theory, this is the case of social transmissions and not individual decisions (Barr Pease, 1990). A subculture is an idiosyncratic culture within a given culture, so its values and norms differ from the broad culture but do not represent necessarily a culture deemed as deviant. This would represent a burglars social culture within any given culture (Anderson, 1998). A subculture distinguishes itself from a counterculture operating in direct opposition to the broad culture meaning that, this is why burglars practice the same. Social Disorganization Theory and Cultural Transmission Theory argue that, in the poorest city zones, certain behavioral forms become the cultural norm, which transmits from a generation to the other, as part of the socialization process (White, 1990). This is somehow similar with the place theory that posits a similar argument. Successful criminals are relatively the role models of the young, who demonstrate both the possibilities of success through burglary crime, and its normality. There is also more literature detailing on Sub cultural Theory. Sub cultural Theory just like the crime and place theory proposes that the urban setting makes it difficult for people living there to find ways of creating a sound community because of the prevailing anonymity and alienation (Grandjean, 1990). The cultural structure experiences the majority norms forcing individuals to form communities quite different and new from the culture. This explains why burglars have a tendency to live a different life from the normal person in the same broad culture. More lately, Fischer (1995) through a case study conducted among few cities on the subject of crime projected that the size, heterogeneity and population of cities strengthens groups, encouraging the subcultures formation, which are more diverse in nature when comparing to the general culture (Biron Ladouceur, 1991). Fischer refers a subculture as, a set of people sharing a defining trait, relate with one another, are the institut ions members associated with their central trait, adhering to a set of values, sharing a set of tools and taking part in an ordinary way of life (Anderson, 1998). Conversely, it is possible to argue that for burglary, the practice is not exceedingly common in less densely populated areas as well as in less diverse environments. Generally, the creation of subcultures such as burglar groups would be almost impossible in such areas (Barr Pease, 1990). Nevertheless, ethnic minorities, the artistic avant-garde, professionals, displaced agricultural families, among others come to live in cities typifying their lifestyles to that of cities, which is why burglary is increasing in the urban areas even with the same people coming from less practice areas. Albert K. Cohen (1955) looked at the general delinquency subculture, with a focus on gang delinquency among the youth working class in slum areas using a case study, which developed an idiosyncratic culture as a direct response to their lack of social and economic opportunity within the broad U.S. society. The features of the subculture were anti-utilitarian with many cases having no profit motive in burglary or other crimes. Their main intention was fostering peer bonding by sharing the breaking laws experience (Boggs, 1965). They also featured collective reaction formation with the gang inverting the values of the broad culture, deliberately practicing the American Dream mirror image. The other significant feature was malice with many acts of vandalism as well as property damage motivated by contempt, spite and personal intentions. Among other features was short-termism and group autonomy (White, 1990). This explains vividly the principal features of burglary groups as well as how they feature within the broad culture. Justifying the same, Cohen (1958) in his survey on juveniles and crime argued this in terms extremely similar to Strain Theory. He said that general education taught the young to strive hard for social status through achievements academically but, when most of failed, this encouraged status frustration, inverting middle-class norms and values and striking back at the system, which initially let them down. In this context, burglary is similarly explained the same way (Barr Pease, 1990). Out of desperation and following a feeling of regret, the population within the broad culture turns to practices such as burglary to earn a living and better their lives. Middle class ideals stress success, independence, academic achievement, control of aggression, delayed gratification, and respect for property. Lower class guardians and parents encourage distinctive values and norms in their children. In lower class families, planning and ambition must give way to particularly pressing issues (Boggs , 1965). Conversely, Miller (1958, 1959) did agree with Cohen after he did a case study on juvenile delinquency among the youth aged 15-20 years that there was a subculture of delinquency, but argued that this arose from the lower class life because of the dominant strains they experience. In this context, he was of the opinion that burglars are mostly among the low life individuals in an attempt to make a living (Buerger, 1992). There was a clear differentiation in values between the social classes. The middle class is social goal oriented and achievement, and the lower class guardians foremost concern is that children stay out of trouble, because this was prominent among them (Maher Sherman, 1992). In his argument, he explains that Boys are expected to be particularly tough as well as street-smart which is why they are the majority in the burglary acts than girls. This is a significant reason why boys join gangs more than the girls do because they have an incentive of joining a gang such a s a burglary gang (Barr Pease, 1990). In making it clear, Barr Pease (1990), conducted a focus group discussion and contribute d to the same by offering more explanations. They say that given that the boy ordinary lives become boring, the excitement of criminal acts such as burglary becomes a welcome relief, which bring in a sense of autonomy denying any form of social controls, which are, imposed by the broad culture (Anderson, 1998). For the lower class group, another institution generally plays a crucial role the identical sex peer group is more pertinent to the individual than the family, school or work because it offers precisely a sense of belonging, and a route to achieve status, which they cannot achieve easily in mainstream society (Boggs, 1965). Therefore, the individuals can easily engage in gangs as burglar gangs to achieve some sense of identity. Thus, delinquency is actually not a reaction against established middle class values but generally as a means of living up to their expectations culturally for sma rtness and toughness (Buerger, 1992). On the other hand, David Matza (1964) is another excellent scholar who used a case study on juvenile delinquency and its perpetrators arguing that, rather than committing to delinquency, people drift between unconventional and conventional behavior. The initial socialization introduces an understanding of expectations and a feeling of guilt if the expectations are not met, but that people develop techniques of neutralization, therefore, avoiding the guilt feeling (Hannah, 1992). To some extent, society helps to neutralize the guilt through passing blame to the parents for failing to supervise their children properly. Matza also argued that the rummage around for excitement is particularly classless. It is simply that the youth in the working class have fewer opportunities for precisely legitimate activities (Boggs, 1965). To him, therefore, burglary practice is prominent among societies because the youth are idle and nothing to do for leisure therefore turning to crime (Buerger, 1992 ). In other words, deviancy of such kind is fun for them, and they love being in such groups. There is a specific excitement in free will practice and breaking rules knowing well that there is little or no chance of being caught (Anderson, 1998). Therefore, the youth in the burglary practice care lees of what happens next after they engage in such crimes. This implies a level of rational choice within particular structural constraints (Gabor, 1990). The burglars are individuals who generally feel powerless and want something to compensate for that meaning that they devote in doing such crimes. The same people are tired of being, pushed around simply feeling like defying the general system (White, 1990). Burglars in this context care less of the group they join just to facilitate their enjoyment. Additionally, Stanley Cohen (1972) did a study on the youth of London in the 1970s. His examination entailed the immediate context of determining how two different subcultures reacted to the respective changes, which occur in their community (Anderson, 1998). His suggestions were that the Mod reaction for the individuals was to the ideology of affluence. They wanted to illustrate that they had money and knew the way to spend it (Clarke, 1998). In contrast, skinheads generally looked back to the traditional working community. Each generation generally tries to find employment or relatively adapts to unemployment. However, the 1920s had different economic circumstances. Cohen reflected that youth in such situations develop a cultural style as a means to cope with their exacting circumstances and to resist the dominant societal values (Buerger, 1992). This casts the youth working class as the standard-bearers of the relative class struggle. After learning, this it is important to note that there is little that youth can do to change society in real terms, but continued resistance offers subjective satisfaction that is evident through style: haircuts, music, the clothes, and language of the distinctive youth cultures. Cohen argued that generally, these styles have a meaning. This is an application of Sub cultural Theory by Marx, which synthesized the structuralism with the Labeling Theory (Boggs, 1965). The approach places significant emphasis on the youth culture contents and on the differences from the class background. The assumption in this case is that a capitalist society tries to achieve hegemony through using the societal cultural values for their benefit. In the application, the sub cultural theory espouses that the burglary practice is different from one cultural group to the other. The social development features in each group distinctively and is, shared among the members. Conversely, Frederic (1927: 46) studied criminal gangs in a systematic way, with an analysis of gang activity as well as behavior using a case study. He made a definition of gangs by the process that they go through in forming a group: The criminal gang is an interstitial cultural group formed spontaneously originally, and then holds together through conflict. It has characteristics such as meeting face to face, conflict, milling, and planning (Boggs, 1965). The result of this behavior is collectively the development of tradition, esprit de corps, unreflective internal structure, solidarity, group awareness, morale, and local territory attachment. He maintained that criminal gangs naturally originate during the early adolescent years from unprompted playgroups that get into various forms of mischief. They become criminal gangs when they stimulate opposition and disapproval, therefore, acquiring a more explicit group-consciousness (Duffala, 1996). Like Merton and Durkheim, Thrasher de scribed the way the environment can be favorable to delinquent behavior, that criminal gang subcultures arose in the relative cracks, or interstices, of neglect combined with the cracks of identity occurring in the turbulent adolescence years (Carroll Weaver, 1996). Additionally, in application to the context, burglary groups form spontaneously and start early in the adolescence years. Shaw (1930) in a study on criminal gangs in Chicago described criminal delinquency as activity that transmitted from generally older to younger youth with the jails and streets of Chicago as their classrooms (Buerger, 1992). Thrasher did confirm the work of Shaw with most gangs in the transition zone with the chief incidence of unemployment, single-parent families, multiple family dwellings, low levels of education and welfare cases. These were the ghetto, the slums, and the barrios and his evidence of an approximated 1,313 gangs with an approximated 25,000 members found a distinct way of acquiring an identity. The gangs became a youths group of reference where main values, and goals were formed offering a sense of self-esteem. Under this context, the burglars form groups just to appreciate identity and develop some form of the contentions (Buerger, 1992). Conclusion Burglary can be explained using two theories of social ecology including Crime, place, Strain, and sub cultural theories. The two theories are significant in explaining Burglary as a crime but espouse the ideas differently. The theories critically compare and contrast in their explanation of burglary as a local crime. The common argument in these theories is that burglary practices are dependent of the area of operation, the individual as well as the routine activity, rational choice and crime pattern. The main difference is the reason why such crimes persist in different conditions. It is worth acknowledging that theories of burglary crime are mutually supportive in different respects, they give rise to divergent explanations of crime at particular locations. Given the prevalent high-crime locations, a crime theorist focus on how burglars gain and discover access to the place. The burglary explanations focus on the behaviors of the targets as well as the absence of controllers inclu ding place managers, guardians, and handlers. Generally, crime and place explains Burglary in the context of the location of the crime itself while sub cultural theory explains burglary crime differently, arguing that certain subcultures or groups in the society have attitudes and values that are conducive to burglary crime, as well as violence.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Essay --

â€Å"Mom don’t shut off my music!† is one of the most abused phrases teenagers use while attempting to do homework or study for a test. For some, the music works perfectly as a study aid. For others, there is a struggle to comprehend the academic material with background noise going on. The benefits and disadvantages of listening to music and its impacts upon the mind have long been a subject of fascination for humans. Philosophers studied music and its effects on the body and mind back in Ancient Greece, and scientists along with researchers continue to grapple with these finds to this day. The example of students listening to music, in particular, has been a source of contention between scientists, teachers, parents, and youth. Music has physiological and psychological effects on the body, which can improve humans’ ability to take in information to perform well in school in addition to improving cognitive abilities overall. While some types of music may have m ore beneficial effects than others, research has shown that music can have a strong impact on brain function. Music’s positive effects on the mind have been shown through numerous research studies, Greek philosophical ideas, and personal anecdotes. One of the questions that scientists have looked into is whether or not the type of music a student listens to, has a differential impact upon their work. For example, would Katy Perry’s â€Å"Roar† be more or less helpful to listen to while studying than Bach’s â€Å"Trio in D Minor†? Curious researchers looked into these differences and concluded that music with lyrics requires more brain attention because those lyrics have to be processed, thus taking attention away from the academic knowledge the person is trying to acquire. However, musi... ...s increasing cognitive function, particularly in studying, are undeniable. From aspiring artists who influence our grades, to scientists in the lab deepening their understand of the effect those pop artists have on people getting those grades, music’s ability to influence the human mind is fascinating. Scientific research has shown over and over again that instrumental music can be a powerful tool to increase focus, memory, and healing. In addition to the ancient Greeks who provided us with this way of thinking, scientific understanding of music has advanced on a multitude of levels and is growing exponentially by the years. It definitely influences our daily cognitive thinking not to mention allowing us to start our day fresh. So the next time a teenager yells, â€Å"Mom, don’t turn off my music†, perhaps parents should stop and consider the benefits the music may have. Essay -- â€Å"Mom don’t shut off my music!† is one of the most abused phrases teenagers use while attempting to do homework or study for a test. For some, the music works perfectly as a study aid. For others, there is a struggle to comprehend the academic material with background noise going on. The benefits and disadvantages of listening to music and its impacts upon the mind have long been a subject of fascination for humans. Philosophers studied music and its effects on the body and mind back in Ancient Greece, and scientists along with researchers continue to grapple with these finds to this day. The example of students listening to music, in particular, has been a source of contention between scientists, teachers, parents, and youth. Music has physiological and psychological effects on the body, which can improve humans’ ability to take in information to perform well in school in addition to improving cognitive abilities overall. While some types of music may have m ore beneficial effects than others, research has shown that music can have a strong impact on brain function. Music’s positive effects on the mind have been shown through numerous research studies, Greek philosophical ideas, and personal anecdotes. One of the questions that scientists have looked into is whether or not the type of music a student listens to, has a differential impact upon their work. For example, would Katy Perry’s â€Å"Roar† be more or less helpful to listen to while studying than Bach’s â€Å"Trio in D Minor†? Curious researchers looked into these differences and concluded that music with lyrics requires more brain attention because those lyrics have to be processed, thus taking attention away from the academic knowledge the person is trying to acquire. However, musi... ...s increasing cognitive function, particularly in studying, are undeniable. From aspiring artists who influence our grades, to scientists in the lab deepening their understand of the effect those pop artists have on people getting those grades, music’s ability to influence the human mind is fascinating. Scientific research has shown over and over again that instrumental music can be a powerful tool to increase focus, memory, and healing. In addition to the ancient Greeks who provided us with this way of thinking, scientific understanding of music has advanced on a multitude of levels and is growing exponentially by the years. It definitely influences our daily cognitive thinking not to mention allowing us to start our day fresh. So the next time a teenager yells, â€Å"Mom, don’t turn off my music†, perhaps parents should stop and consider the benefits the music may have.

Funding a United States Space Program :: essays research papers

Funding a United States Space Program It is imperative that the United States government should put forth a better initiative regarding our flailing national space programs, and increase their budgets considerably, stressing modification on its goals, modification of its resources, and for overall further advancement of its scope and capability. The space program had been heralded for years as the pride, and future, of the United States. Its promise brought hope to a society plagued by fear and competition, and has since been both the impetus for both immense technological competition, and then conversely, a symbol of cooperation between two diametrically opposed cultures. It brought numerous breakthroughs in medicine, materials science, engineering, and defense—over 30,000 advancements to date, including MRIs and CAT scans for detecting cancers and other health threats. Why does our government choose to slowly phase out the life of an entity that has only but added years to our own? The space program is an import ant part of our existence as Americans, and as world citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The space program needs the appropriate funding for modification for fundamental purposes. The program has worked with the same prototype rocket for almost 50 years. New breakthroughs have emerged in planning and research; however the program does not have the means to go about implementing new ideas. With advancements created through space science research, such findings could create better means of travel on Earth. Also, space exploration gave us the first stark warnings of a world damaged by our endangerment of the environment, and it could further nurture the repair of our planet by allowing us to find better ways of utilizing our resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Space travel and exploration is needed for social purposes. Just as Russians and Americans, and now the Chinese, are able to put aside differences to embark on the ultimate human pioneering experience, so it is needed for the sake of unifying humanity through example. Someday, everyone in the world, even those not as privileged as the aforementioned societies, will be touched by the immense advancements space research has made, if they haven’t been touched already. Since we do not truly know what can be ‘out there’ awaiting us, both living and nonliving, it is important that we are prepared as a race to face them, in case a need or emergency arises in which we are forced to. Space travel concentrates on an investment in the betterment of humanity as a whole, and by so doing, it presents to the world the idea of our maturity as a race.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Essay examples --

The Sibling Rivalry in Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew Rivalry between family is an intense, emotional competition among siblings that can put them against one another to obtain approval, attention, or love. This is an aspect that has been frequently the plot of many plays, books and films. Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare teaches the audience that preference within a family may led to potent hate when it comes to sisters. A play which embodies the rivalry between sisters Katharina and Bianca, produced by their fathers and spouse candidate preference toward Bianca. Shakespeare establishes a clear comparison between the sisters through their father, Baptista. From the beginning of the play we see a clear preference toward Bianca. He discusses how their daughter are to be in a relationship. â€Å"Gentlemen, importune me no farther,/That is, not to bestow my youngest daughter/Before I have a husband for the elder./If either of you both love Katharina,/ Because I know you well and love you well/ Leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure† (1.1.48-54). Baptista freely offers Katharina with out any detachment, while Bianca should be courted properly by the men. In addition to her father preferences, the mates wanting to marry the sisters also like Bianca. As one of the mates discussing which they prefer, Tranio refers to â€Å" [The] eldest sister is so curst and shrewd /That till the father rid his hands of her† (1.1.180). From the first scenes it is clear that there is rivalry between who is the better sister. Katharine was considered a shrew for the fact that she is strong willed and independent, very opposite to her younger sister, as she is described as caring and subservient. By the second act Katharina reacts to a ... ...shamed that women are so simple/ To offer war where they should kneel for peace/ Or seek for rule, supremacy and sway/ When they are bound to serve, love, and obey†(5.1.165-168). Katherina ends her speech by telling the women that their husbands are their lords, masters and keepers, that women owe their husbands the same loyalty a subject owes his king. The conflict between the sisters is an example of a tense relationships, physical violence and a continuous struggle for attention, affection and love of their father. Not until the end of the play we see Baptist being content with the results of his daughters new husbands. The relationship between Katharina and Bianca is a realistic in its portrayal of rivalry between siblings, and it allows the audience to connect with the theme of this play. The values of true sisterhood and how its can later effect their lives.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

The Impact of Industrialisation and Technology on Environment

With the rapid development of economy, people who live in contemporary society certainly own a different life in terms of contrasting their parents. There is a wide and profound change, especially in the progressive technology, which lead to the world becomes increasingly industrialization. The ever-accelerated developing of science and technology have changed citizens’ lifestyle and the way they get along with others. Nevertheless, from another perspective, there are considerable environmental problems arising.One of such problems is water pollution, along with the reasons which result in this difficulty and its solutions will be explained and evaluated as well. There is a quite clearly saying that water is the most important source of life and each individual needs it everyday. It is undoubtedly that water exists on the planet as the most precious natural resource since over 70% of the Earth’s surface is made up of it. People use water for many different ways, for ins tance, drinking, bathing, irrigating crops and so on.Everyone cannot survive without the seemingly invaluable water which is made of hydrogen and oxygen: water is essential for everything on the planet to grow and prosper. Even though the human beings recognize this fact, they still neglect it by polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans. ‘For a world that is 70% water, things are drying up fast. Only 2. 5% of water is fresh, and only a fraction of that is accessible’ (Kluger & Dorfman, 2002, p. 6). To the great disappointment, water resources have been seriously polluted.It is reported that it is hard to find pure and clean water on the Earth now. People are gradually but surely damaging the planet where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate. Some researches have been done to reflect the serious problem, which informed each person that half of the world’s population is facing water pollution. There are approximately 250 million people got sick because of water p ollution, and 5 to 10 million died among them. According to the survey results, ‘in the US 40% rivers and 46% lakes are too polluted’ (2012), Water pollution, last accessed 29 June 2012. 1. trillion gallons of dirty effluent and waste rubbish are poured into rivers and lakes of US each year. Among the numerous polluted rivers, the situation of Asian rivers is the most terrible in the world. Several major rivers of China were tested in the year of 2004, and the result of test reflected that half of them were not suitable for people to drink. The rivers and lakes of Europe were tested as well between the year 2004 and 2005, and the situation is also awful that 10% of them were too polluted to be used. In addition, water pollution will not only do harm to people but also to aquatic animals and plants.As it is getting increasingly serious, nobody on the earth would relax and they are not able to do anything about it. The situation which gives rise to the problem will be ana lyzed in the following parts. ‘Point source pollution comes mainly from industrial facilities and municipal wastewater treatment plants’ (Peirce, J. & Weiner, F. & Vesilind, P. 1997, p. 32). Thousands of the factories have been set up in a quite short period of time along with the rapid development of industry, which release poisonous water, gases and other wastes everyday.As a result of chemicals and sewages are poured directly into rivers and lakes by various factories, the water will become poisonous and its oxygen will be exhausted, which results in many aquatic organisms to die. Most of these wastes that are poured into water are not biodegradable. Therefore, nearly all factories discharge waste into the rivers to different extent, which result in water pollution. In addition, garbage especially plastics and other plastic-like substances is one of the reason that give rise to water pollution as well. Some plastic like nylon will do great harm to fish and other mari ne animals.As a result of plastic can be broken down into tiny pieces that will be eaten by sea creatures and may easily lead to their death finally. Plastic is also a killer of water pollution because it will continue to kill more fish and plants. Last but not least causes of water pollution relate to personal care and household products. For instance, Shampoo, lotion, bleach, laundry detergent, and other pollutants. Both of above are accelerating the deterioration of water pollution. Consequently, human waste is not the only thing that causes pollution, these above products also join the sewage to contaminate the water.In order to improve this bad situation, some measures should be taken. For the sake of leave individuals and their future generations a scenic global environment, it is the obligation of each citizen to play a significant role and participate in environmental conservation. In the first place, everyone should establish an economic sense  that all trouble makers   should pay for the pollution. The section of government can increase the tax, and the collected money will be used to cleaning up pollution. Only everyone has an awareness of protecting the environment can this terrible situation be improved.The solution to this difficulty is the need for a collective consciousness. What is meant by this is that each individual must be aware of the impact he or she has on the world and their unique part to play in this world. Therefore, the public should hold some educational campaigns like acknowledge institute to arouse the consciousness of each individual to protect water. This is a very good and feasible measure to deal with the water pollution. In addition, technology can help to improve the quality of water as well.And clean technologies can product much less pollution. Consequently, government should offer financial support to set up sewage treatment station. It is a good way of returning water to a river without pollution. The quality of wat er will be improved greatly owing to these equipments. However, there are also some old technologies, which can not help to deal with sewage. According to this phenomenon, industrialized countries should collaborate with those developing countries closely for the purpose of the rich countries will not just export old and obsolete technologies.This solution is available as well to improve the awful situation of water pollution. Finally what have to mention is that many rivers have become the home of cans, bottles, glass and plastics because some of people are used to pouring dirty sewage and harmful chemicals into rivers, others throw  garbage into them. According to this phenomenon, citizens should abandon the bad manners and also not to use chemicals. At the same time, farmers should use other ways to kill weeds and bugs. For instance, they can pull weeds by hand.In general, people can protect the precious water in only one way: preventing the harmful chemicals from entering wate r. Based on the above analysis, it would be relatively safe to come to a conclusion that the problem of water pollution will destroy the organisms on the earth to a great extent. Congress has passed regulations to fight with water pollution which informed each individual the fact that water pollution is indeed a serious issue. Everyone has responsibility to protect water and make a better friendly environment.Therefore, each individual should spare no effort to achieve this goal because the government alone cannot deal with the entire problem of water pollution. Bibliography Peirce, J. & Weiner, F. & Vesilind, P (1997) ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and CONTROL, Netherlands: Elsevier Science & Technology Books Kluger, J. & Dorfman, A. (2002) The Challenges We Face. (Cover story). Time, 160(9), A6 Student of Shanghai (2012) Water pollution [WWW] Available from: http://old. jfdaily. com/gb/node2/node9140/node43355/node44009/node44769/userobject1ai1336749. html [Accessed 29/06/2012]